Obesity and male infertility: multifaceted reproductive disruption

Abstract Background The global prevalence of obesity has soared to a concerning height in the past few decades. Interestingly, decline semen quality is parallel occurrence that urges researchers evaluate if among most essential causatives male infertility or subfertility. Main body Obesity may alter synchronized working reproductive-endocrine milieu, mainly hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis along with its crosstalks other reproductive hormones. Obesity-mediated impairment parameters include several intermediate factors, which physical essentially increased scrotal temperature due heavy adipose tissue deposits, and systemic inflammation oxidative stress (OS) initiated by various tissue-derived pro-inflammatory mediators. Obesity, via multifaceted mechanisms, modulate sperm genetic epigenetic conformation, severely disrupt functions. Paternal reportedly significant adverse effects upon outcome assisted techniques (ARTs) overall health offspring. Given complexity underlying mechanisms rapid emergence new evidence-based hypotheses, concept obesity-mediated needs timely updates pristine understanding. Conclusions present review comprehensively explains possible especially OS induction, endocrine modulation, immune alterations, changes, culminate perturbed spermatogenesis, disrupted DNA integrity, compromised functions, diminished quality, leading impaired